例谈在小学英语语篇教学中巧设问题
发布者:常开娟发布时间:2019-06-11 13:43:03阅读(707)评论(0)
关键词:问题设计,语篇,导入,读前,读中,读后,思维
小学阶段语篇教学的关键是培养学生的语篇意识,其价值主要体现于阅读教学,在阅读教学中帮助学生获取信息、增长知识、开阔视野、体验乐趣。由于问题贯穿于阅读教学的全过程,始终发挥着组织和调控教学的作用,引领学生积极体验和学习。所以,问题设计在阅读教学中起着至关重要的作用。德国教育学家赫尔巴特曾言:“如果教师的提问能引起学生的注意,就能使学生在每个阶段都连贯地表现为等待、探索和行动。”学生的思维过程往往是从问题开始的。因此,在阅读教学中设计有效的问题,是启发学生思维,引导学生走进语篇,在阅读过程中通过感知、体验、实践、参与、合作、探究获取和处理信息,提高阅读技能的重要手段。下面笔者结合本学期执教的校内公开课牛津小学英语五下Unit 6 In the kitchen Part A,分别从阅读前、阅读中和阅读后这三个阶段谈谈关于语篇教学中问题设计的实践与思考,以期提高小学英语语篇教学的有效性。
一、读前设问,导入语篇
在教学过程中,教师应该通过读前设问环节激活学生脑海中已有的图式,以经验为跳板,全面调动思维积极性。教师要综合学生的已有知识和兴趣这两方面因素来进行读前设问,设计出与语篇主题最贴近的问题, 扫除影响学生理解语篇的部分语言障碍,为学生顺利阅读做好铺垫,让学生感受到即将所学的知识既新鲜却又不陌生,既有趣味又很有挑战性,阅读兴趣与学习欲望同时提升。
1. 导入型问题。问题导入是英语教学过程中运用最广泛、操作最简单的一种导入法。它是指教师从学生原有知识和生活经验出发,紧扣话题,通过提问帮助学生建立起语篇文本与以往经验、知识之间的联系,迅速自然地导入语篇话题,从而激发学生的阅读兴趣。例如,在教学牛津小学英语五下Unit 6 In the kitchen Part A前,笔者与学生进行一番交流后提出以下问题:
1.T: Look, what time is it?
S: It’s one o’clock.
T: What’s LT doing?
S: He’s watching TV.
T: He’s watching a film on the TV at home. Let’s watch it with LT together.
S:….
T: Is it interesting?
The leading character of this movie is a rat.
Look, what’s he doing now?
S: He’s eating a strawberry and some cheese.
T: What are they doing?
S: They’re walking and talking.
T: What about this one? What’s he doing?
S: He’s watching TV.
T: Look at the man on the screen, what’s his job?
S: He’s a cook.
T: What’ s he saying?
S: Anyone can cook.
T: Yes. And Remy wants to be a chef of Paris. Look, this is his friend Ling. Ling works in a kitchen
学生的思维活动顿时被激活了, 这些问题恰到好处地为新的语篇教学的展开奠定了基础。
2. 铺垫型问题。读前活动一方面激活学生有关背景图式,另一方面帮助学生消除语篇语言理解上的障碍。铺垫型问题是教师针对学生理解语篇语言点而设置的问题,其目的不仅是寻求问题的答案,更是利用问题对这些语言点进行适当的铺垫,从而减轻学生在阅读过程中的认知压力,保证阅读教学的整体性、连贯性和逻辑性。
T:.Look, ling is busy doing something. Remy wants to know what is Ling doing? So Remy asks: What are you doing, Ling? Are you…?
S: Are you…?
T: Look, what’s Remy doing? Can you guess?
S: Are you cooking tomato soup?
(To teach: tomato soup)
T: Pay attention here, we should use the original form here.
T: Do you like tomato soup? Why?
Remy can cook some soup with tomatoes.
What can you make or cook with tomatoes?
S: I can make a tomato salad.
I can make some ketchup….
笔者将文章的难点句型在看似谈话的过程中有所渗透,学生在回答时逐渐引起对语篇的注意和兴趣,想满足一下好奇心,学生自主参与进一步探究文章内容,从而思考和解决问题,语篇巧妙的导入自然水到渠成了。
3.预测型问题。预测是英语阅读教学的有效策略之一。教师可以让学生观察标题后提出问题,旨在激活学生思维,引导学生推测语篇大意,为语篇教学的展开做好铺垫。
T: Now let’s look at this picture. What time is it?
S: It’s six o’clock.
T: Is LT still playing football?
S: No.
T: Liu Tao comes home from a FOOTBALL game.
Where are they?
S: In the kitchen.
T: What are they doing?
S: Are they washing the dishes/ Are they cleaning the table? Are they cooking some food?....
笔者引导学生观察和思考语篇标题,提出问题:What do you think of the title? Do you have any good questions about the title? 学生思维活跃,大胆推测:T: What are they doing ?合理的预测直达文章主线。开放的问题培养了学生观察、想象、推断和探究的能力,激发了学生的求知欲,极大地提高了课堂教学效率。
二、读中设问,理解语篇
读中活动是英语语篇教学的主体,也是英语语篇教学的核心环节。其主要任务是通过阅读让学生了解文本大意,理清文本思路,从而获取文本的具体信息。这一过程中,教师可以根据篇章结构、语言形式设计一些富整体性、有一定梯度的问题,引导学生自主阅读。
1. 导读型问题。英语语篇教学提倡让学生从整体角度学习和理解所学语言材料。导读型问题是在整体呈现语篇之前,教师根据完整的语篇情节提出的概括性和整体性问题,用来帮助学生快速把握语篇的主旨大意,从而培养学生整体阅读的习惯。
T: So what do they cook at cooking time ?
And are they happy at dinner time? Let’s watch the cartoon and try to answer the 2 questions.
笔者在视听整体呈现语篇之前,利用多媒体提出这样两个导读型问题。在导读型问题引领下,学生运用多种感官感受语篇的情景和内容,积极地通过整体情景接受语篇的各种信息,把握语篇的主旨,把文章划分为两个部分:At cooking time ﹠ At dinner time。
2. 梳理型问题。梳理型问题是在学生整体初步感知语篇的基础上,教师根据自己的教学思路,紧紧抓住语篇的主线而设计的一些主干性问题,这些问题的设计是帮助学生理清语篇脉络的关键,是学生全面、深入理解语篇内容的前提。
T: According to the two questions, we can divide the whole dialogue into 2 parts.
Can you divide the whole dialogue into two parts?
S: At cooking time ﹠ At dinner time.
学生一下子就抓住了整体,这一问题有力地撑起了语篇的“骨架”,使得整个语篇主干分明,全文的语言与情感有了向心力,许多貌似零碎的信息被这些问题串连在了一起,帮助学生理清了理解语篇的思路,提升了记忆语篇的效果。
3.细节型问题。由于小学英语语篇内容大都简单,思想情感也比较浅显,所以许多教师往往只注重整体性问题和主干性问题的设计,忽略细节型问题的设计,导致设计的问题粗枝大叶,从而使得语篇的理解浅层化。细节型问题是教师根据语篇中的一些细小而关键的字、词、句提出的一些关键性、隐蔽性的问题(如以what, who, when, why, how等提出的问题),旨在培养学生静心阅读,捕捉文本的细节信息,引领学生正确掌握语篇内容,从而达到全面透彻地理解语篇的目的。
T:What are they doing at cooking time? Read 1-2,and then try to find the answer.
Check the answer(在核对答案时板书人物头像和相关词组:cooking meat with potatoes,washing some vegetables ,cook tomato soup)
T: Pay attention, we use potatoes here, not potato
T: What is LT doing?
S: He’s looking for some juice.
T: Is there any juice in the fridge? Is there any apple juice? Are there any apples? What’s else in the fridge?
S:…(老师板书冰箱里的物品:meat,apples,pears,)
T: What would he like at first?/ What does he drink at last?
S:….
T: Dinner is ready. Ready means…What is LT eating?
S: He’s eating meat.
T: Who cooks the meat?
S: …
T: What does he say to his father?
S:…
T: What does ‘cook’ mean here?
S: …
T: Who’s the great cook in your family?
S:…
T: What is he good at cooking?
S:…
T: What about the soup? Does LT like it?
S: …
T: Is LT a polite boy?
S: …
T: He praises his parents. His parents are happy to hear that. So don’t forget to praise your family.
T: What do you know from the word‘wait’?
1.LT is hungry.
2.The meat smells so nice.
这些问题更加具体,针对性更强,引导学生去进一步关注语篇的细节,帮助学生理清语篇内容,体会人物情感,为读后环节做好铺垫。
三、读后设问,提升语篇
读后活动是整个语篇阅读教学的升华阶段。教师在学生摄取语篇主要内容知识的基础上,针对语篇整体和细节两个层面,不仅要设计一些回忆型、理解型问题来检测评估阅读的质量,还要深入挖掘文本内涵,设计一些评价型、生成型、思维型、创新型、探究型等一系列开放性问题,将学生的思维引向高级阶段,训练学生综合概括和进行独立思考的能力,完成从知识汲取到能力发展的过渡,将语篇教学与文本价值的提升融为一体。
1.T: Today we learn U6, and we know some words about vegetables. What other words about vegetables do you know? What are these?
S:…(教师贴好相关蔬菜图片)
T: In the movie, Remy can use…to make a great dish.
Look, here it is. How does it look?
S: It looks…
T: What can your family cook for you with these materials?
S: My…can cook…with…
T: How does it taste?
S: It tastes…
T: How does it smell?
S: It smells…
2.T: Our family do a lot for us every day, especially our parents. Do you want to show your thanks to them? But how to show your thanks? Look, LT is reading a book about it, let’s read it with him together.
Ss:…
T: Let’ learn from the little boy in the book, and give a surprise to our family. Ok?
以上这些问题环环相扣,层层追问,浑然一体,由低级到高级,由封闭到开放,螺旋上升,既评估了语篇阅读的质量,又启发了学生的思维,充分发挥了语篇教学对树立学生正确的情感态度价值观的引导作用,从而张扬了学生的个性,拓展了文本的空间,提升了文本的价值。教学中,我们要以语篇理解的基础,引导学生将关注视角逐步聚焦于语篇的核心意义,通过问题让学生理解、内化、实践。
巧设问题在小学英语语篇教学中有着举足轻重的作用。教师应该把握好教学进度,在阅读前、阅读中和阅读后都巧设出相应层次和水平的问题,促进学生高效阅读,并且在解决问题的过程中实现由读到悟、由悟到用,从而提高学生的表达能力、交际能力和思维能力。同时还要鼓励学生自己发现问题、提出问题,进而分析问题和解决问题,促进语篇教学目标的达成,最终提高小学英语语篇教学的有效性。